Comparison of Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local Park and The North Lynnwood Neighbourhood Park

1 Chapter FOUR ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Introduction This chapter will be discuss and explains about the analysis and findings which from two mention surveies every bit good as the literature reappraisal through comparative analysis. The facets that will be used to compare are site background, end and design attack, design layout, comfortss, hardscape and softscape choice, handiness and circulation every bit good as the activities. Those aspect are considered the dependable from literature reappraisal to be portion of urban park design planning. This chapter will stop up with treatment of analysis between both park which are Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local Park every bit good as The North Lynnwood Park 4.2. Site Background Both of Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local Park and The North Lynnwood Neighbourhood Park are different type of park but those park are similar in using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design ( CPTED ) rules which seeks to hold a nothing offense in the park. Table 4.1 shows the comparing of basic background for both Parkss. Table 4.1 Comparison of site background for both Parkss.Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local ParkThe North Lynnwood Neighbourhood ParkEntire country: 17 estates.Built by Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission ( M-NCPPC ) Parks in 1962.Include community centre, features resort areas, a softball field, two multiuse Fieldss, four tennis tribunals, a football or association football field and a picnic country.Entire country: 6 estates.Developed in 1970 and initiated by Lynnwood Elementary School instructors, every bit good as the pupils.Include big active drama, picnic country, an out-of-door public presentation infinite, spray Parkss and new drama equipment known as â€Å"Dragon Park† .Based on the tabular array above, both Parkss attract public because it’s operation as a topographic point for socialize every bit good as there are besides provided several diversion installations for recreational activities. The Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local Park consist of several installations within the park which may be used by batch of people in one clip. As compared to the Nort h Lynnwood Neighbourhood Park, it is besides consist of installations as usual for a park, but the figure of user may be somewhat different. 4.3 Goal and design attack Goal and design attack is of import and considered in design planning because of peculiar Parkss must lies on that facet. These facet is based on how the end will be achieved through the selected attack in developing a good park. From both mention surveies, it seem that both park have their ain end but used the same attack which is CPTED to accomplish a good park. For Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local Park, it want to make a successful park every bit good as the unfastened infinite system in the hereafter through the devising of bing Parkss and unfastened infinites as utile and attractive as possible and besides making the right every bit good as suitable of new comfortss and linkages within the park. The North Lynnwood Neighbourhood Park besides have about the same purpose which is to supply appropriate new diversion installations every bit good as redevelop the bing 1s and make a new out-of-door public presentation infinite for Lynnwood Elementary School pupils and occupants. But, both Parkss have to accomplish the purpose through several aims that might be different. Table 4.2 The difference aims used by both Parkss to accomplish the end.Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local ParkThe North Lynnwood Neighbourhood ParkI. Supply more visibleness to other installations in the park such as the resort area, hoops and others. two. Better a better entree control in covering with vehicular and prosaic traffic. three. Supply better natural surveillance for those who entered the park.I. Supply installations for diversion activities based on the user needs. two. Develop recreational resources and chances that are built-in in the landscape and outdoor atmosphere that may include walking, jogging, biking every bit good as continuing the natural countries.Harmonizing to the comparing of two mention surveies, both park are taking about the same end but different manner to accomplish it but still based on CPTED rules. The Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local Park is indirectly giving a comfy and secured atmosphere for the users as to allow the relaxation for better natural surveillance and supply more visibleness to other installations. Compared to The North Lynnwood Neighbourhood Park had intended to repair up the installations with the new one within the park to make better atmosphere as the park is used by the school kids every bit good as the occupants which to maintain out fright of offenses. 4.4 Design Layout A good park design is due to the planning of a good layout puting which is the right and suited combination of workss every bit good as the characteristics will make a pleasing visual aspect and an environmentally friendly layout which mean a safer park. Through the two mention surveies, the design layout was compared to find the design which sing the offense bar schemes. Table 4.3 The difference design layout of two mention surveies.Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local ParkThe North Lynnwood Neighbourhood ParkRosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local Park was networking within the park linked to each other of the pathway and the cycleway every bit good as the planting strategy. These are the possibility to make hiding infinite within the full layout of the park.The Gwendolyn Coffield Community Center becomes a focal point of the park since the installations provided are around the centre.The installations that are provided is designated to be at the border of the park margin to guarantee the natural surveillance within the park.The North Lynnwood Neighbourhood Park is designed by positioning the looping pathway at the center of the park to be the focal point. The prosaic paseo was created to buffer by trees and other plantings.The design of the park every bit good as the external layout supplying more inclusion of corners that can hide people by twenty-four hours or dark.The planting strategy gives the obstructor of public’s position as the st ructural planting is planted at the margin of the park every bit good as to deny entree to offense marks and to make a perceptual experience of hazards to wrongdoers.Based on the tabular array above, the circulation and pathway every bit good as the cycleway is appropriate to the design counsel for both Parkss as a good park design. These is designed to let walking within the park every bit good as such a desire lines for the users. Planting strategy besides played the same function of circulation, pathway and cycleway due to the CPTED rules which is the natural entree control. Apart from that, both park have their ain focal point which is a topographic point that people will garner or play around. For Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local Park, the community centre shown in Figure 3.6 act as a focal point of the park because the installations provided are around the centre which is to guarantee the natural surveillance within the park. While focal point for the North Lynnwood Neighbourhood Park is the looping pathway because of its place which is at the center of the park. The focal point is one of the facet for a good park design that act as natural surveillance. 4.5 Comfortss, hardscape and softscape choice Comfortss and hardscape choice of urban park is sensible to be compared with looking at the offense bar facet as these provided in those park is influence to make societal interaction among the users. For softscape choice every bit good as landscaping played function to heighten the natural agreeableness in the park. It is of import, nevertheless, to guarantee that heavy leaf and inappropriate planting does non take to chances for privacy and possible offense. Table 4.4 Comparison of comfortss, hardscape choice for both Parkss.Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local ParkThe North Lynnwood Neighbourhood ParkA big unfastened space/ resort areaA multi-use football and association football fieldA baseball fieldTwo tennis tribunalsOne and a half hoops tribunalsCommunity centreSecurity illuming within the parkSpray parkReservable field day installationsLarge active drama countriesPlay EquipmentBasketball CourtOutdoor Stages/Performance AreaPublic toiletsParkingBased on the tabular array 4.4, the comfortss every bit good as the hardscape provided in Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local Park are accessible in footings of security facet as the characteristics is accommodating security component as the comfortss and the infinite provided can make a societal atmosphere. Harmonizing to Cranz ( 1982 ) , people will utilize the park for their sociable infinite where people get to utilize ephemeral scene, run into friends do other recreational activities. Compared to The North Lynnwood Neighbourhood Park, the park provided good comfortss, but the hardscape characteristics of the park is rather unequal to back up the safety environment. Table 4.5 Comparison of softscape choice for both Parkss.Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local ParkThe North Lynnwood Neighbourhood ParkThe park encompasses about 70 % of plantings. This is possible to do a fly-by-night country every bit good as to supply screen for related and suited activities.The planting choice need to suit the local ecology and recreational context.The workss choice is making a form which is covering at the border of the park.The usage of workss are to give and supply the coloring material every bit good as the texture of planting.Based on the tabular array 4.5, softscape choice is an of import component in a park which it’s played different function due to the local surrounding. This is because each seting strategy will be reflecting the image of the park. 4.6 Accessibility and circulation Accessibility and circulation aspect played function in developing a good and better park. The design fundamentally to heighten the existent and perceived safety of paseo users, by avoiding from taking people into unsafe state of affairss or countries. Table 4.6 Comparison of the handiness and circulation of both Parkss.Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local ParkThe North Lynnwood Neighbourhood ParkThe handiness or street layout provided to take the motion of the users within the park is clearly where it is connects to the whole country.The form of park’s handiness or street layout is more to make the natural way scene and the circulation of the way design is excessively loopy.Based on table 4.6, both Parkss seem to give and allow the users enjoy the different atmosphere of the park through different form of handiness every bit good as circulation. Unfortunately, both circulation design is beliing to the design counsel of park. . The design of pathway should be more in the direct desire lines because the direct entree will allow in making more concealed topographic points ( Qolcuhoun, 2004 ) . 4.7 Activity Basically, each park will supply public societal infinite, lawn country every bit good as recreational installations as a topographic point that signifiers and creates activity for the societal and environmental wellness of communities. These will indirectly give some basic counsel for offense decrease within the park ( Singapore National Prevention Council, 2003 ) . Table 4.7 Activities of both Parkss.Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local ParkThe North Lynnwood Neighbourhood ParkRosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local Park supplying a batch of infinite for activities that may include athleticss, fittingness, dance, music, art, or the chance to fall in together with friends and neighbors for a particular jubilation or societal assemblage which to guarantee the park is full used.The North Lynnwood Neighbourhood Park supplying out-of-door public presentations infinite which include two phases, amphitheater seating and a big mounting bowlder for the intent of making other activities to do the park more energetic.Based on the tabular array above, both Parkss somewhat supplying the same activities which to maintain and guarantee the Parkss utile to the users every bit good as the occupants. Through the development of unfastened infinite programs which to heighten ocular agreeableness of an country do non hold the possible to endanger the safety of the users ( Christiansen, 1977 ) . So, the more ocular comfortss are provided within the park, there more activities will be occurred. 4.8 Drumhead From the comparative analysis made between Rosemary Hills-Lyttonsville Local Park and The North Lynnwood Neighbourhood Park, it can be concluded that the chief consideration of forestalling offense in urban park are site background, end and design attack, design layout, comfortss, hardscape and softscape choice, handiness and circulation every bit good as the activities aspect. These should go the design guidelines during the spacial design in developing successful urban park based on CPTED rules. Both Parkss shown a good attacks in using the CPTED rules through those aspect. Hence, the design guidelines for urban park should see the strengths from both Parkss order to make a zero offense environment every bit good as a comfy and safer atmosphere within the park. MentionsMcCormick, J. ( 2006 ) .Design Against Crime. National Recreation and Park AssociationDrakakis, S. and David, W. ( 1981 ) .Urbanization, Housing and the Development Procedure. London: Croom Helm.Jamil bin Abu Bakar ( 2002 ) .A Design Guide for Public Parks in Malaysia. Johor Darul Ta’zim: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.Singapore National Crime Prevention Council ( 2003 ) .Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Guidebook. Singapore: Singapore Public Affairs Department.

Renaissance Dbq

Renaissance was a time of rebirth of the studies of the Greeks and Romans, as well as the start of new ideas. Some ideas that were created in the Renaissance include: individualism, secularism and humanism. Individualism was the concept of the individual and the belief to be able to reach the best of its abilities. Secularism is enjoying worldly affairs, which took after the Roman’s epicureanism. Lastly, the concept of humanism which is the study of human nature. All three of these ideas were ideal to the purposes and values of education throughout the Renaissance.These ideas were useful to the people as well as caused them damage. Thus, education and its purposes and values were argued hotly throughout the Renaissance. Some of the main arguments were education for upper class, education for all, and criticizing education over all. Some Renaissance men argued that education should be for the upper class or people who wish to attempt to be part of the upper class. They believed the upper class was the only people that needed an education since they were at the top.Some men who believed this were Castiglione, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, and John Amos Comenius. Castiglione wrote a book to the courtiers describing how a courtier should behave. This book, The Courtier, was used by upper class for three hundred years to teach their kids about manners and behaviors. Castiglione suggests that a courtier should be well-rounded in his studies and be â€Å"passably learned in the humanities, in the Latin poets, orators and historians† (Doc. 3). Compared to a lower class male, Castiglione believes the upper class needs more education.Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini was an Italian humanist who later became pope. He describes that education is needed on high class, especially a prince or any ruler (Doc. 1). John Amos Comenius stressed the importance of education and university; which, back then, university was more for the upper class since they can afford it. He be lieved the only useful education was university (Doc. 13). As more time passed by, the percentages of justices of the peace who attended university increased. More men started getting an education and becoming part of the upper class.Francesco Guicciardini was an Italian statesman and historian. When he was young he never took education seriously, but as he grew older he regret it and wished he paid more attention. He talks about that if he had a great education he could have â€Å"opened the way to the favor of princes and sometimes to great profit and honor†. He believed that if he had a great education he could have been in the upper class (Doc. 6). This shows that many people argued strongly about the purpose and value of education was for the upper class or to attempt to be part of the upper class.Other Renaissance men believed that education should be for all. This idea was practiced more in the Northern Renaissance than the Italian Renaissance but it was still used in both. An example of Northern Renaissance men that hold this idea would be Desiderius Erasmus and a man from the School Ordinances. He wrote the Praise of Folly which was a satire against the church. Erasmus was also known for his strong belief in education and institution (Doc. 4). A man from the School Ordinances believed everyone should go to school so they can learn discipline and to be afraid of god.I think this view point is strange since this man is telling this to a pastor and a pastor wouldn’t like the idea of teaching kids to be afraid of god (Doc. 7). Examples of Italian Renaissance men who hold this idea would be Battista Guarino. Battista Guarino believed learning and training in virtue is the true meaning of humanist and that this property pursuits all of mankind (Doc. 2). The values and purposes of education was to reach a wider variety and attempt to give education to all. Lastly, another group of Renaissance men argued intensively that the values and purposes of Renaissance education was useless and pointless.John Brinsley was an English schoolmaster and he believed that when adolescents went to school, they â€Å"have little sense of the meaning and true use of learning†. He claims that all they know is how to write in Latin which â€Å"no one will want to read† (Doc. 10). In a letter from an unknown man to the Parlement of Dijon, he says, â€Å"the study of literature is appropriate only to a small minority of men† (Doc. 11). He goes on to say that more hard-working bodies are needed than dreamy and contemplative spirits. Michel de Montaigne was a French essayist and politician.He called the educational system absurd and accused the cause of the selection of books was due to which one sounds the best not which one has the best facts (Doc. 8). John Amos Comenius believed education was pointless until university. He stressed the importance of education in university, which was usually the upper class who went to univ ersity. He criticized and emphasized the unimportance of education before university greatly (Doc. 13). The values and purposes of education were discussed and argued greatly throughout the Renaissance.The main arguments were education for upper class, education for all, and criticizing education over all. Castiglione, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, and John Amos Comenius believed strongly in education for upper class. Desiderius Erasmus, a man from the School Ordinances, Battista Guarino believed in education for all. Lastly, John Brinsley, Michel de Montaigne, and, once again, John Amos Comenius criticized the education system strongly. All three topics are only a few of the many values and purposes of the education during the Renaissance.

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Response 29 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response 29 - Essay Example This was a fascinating yet a weird thought since, â€Å"how would that relate to the child’s emotional and intellectual development?† (Cranny-Francis 163). I have a penchant for kids, and still also cultivating my pathway to be a school psychologist, which makes me cringe at the thought of such an idea since it sparks disillusioned outcomes of the development of technology. This is because babies require the motherly tender touch for them to develop a streak for social interrelations as well as other essential behavioral traits. The upsurge of such a technological set-up would be tantamount to prioritizing technology than the relations with our close people such as family, friends and acquaintances. Nonetheless, the article, â€Å"Enhancement Technologies and the Body,† by Hogle cites some affirmative prospects about the technological enhancement of body parts. The article asks, â€Å"What might enhancement mean in a poor society where an artificial limb specially designed for working in rice fields or a bicycle designed to provide mobility means the difference in a person’s ability to make a living?† (Hogle 701). The example of technological development given is an archetype of the obscurity about the outcomes of the steady progress of

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Background of GCC , Egypt and Malaysia - Essay Example The findings inferred will be discussed in the concluding sections of the project. Gulf Cooperation Council regions have huge reserves for oil and natural gas and most the countries in the world countries are depended on it for its daily supply of energy. The GCC region includes six countries from the Middle East. These countries are United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain. These six countries came together in 1981 to form the ‘Gulf Cooperation Council’ in order to cooperate, coordinate and integrate various policies, politics and economic affairs (Laabas & Limam, 2002). The GCC agreement has helped these countries to avoid foreign intervention regarding oil and gas procurement.HH The oil and gas reserves present in these countries are its most vital resource and the key to its prosperity. Around â€Å"40% of the world’s proven oil and 23.6% of the world’s proven gas reserves† are held by GCC countries (Reiche, 2010). The population growth rates in these countries are indebted to the high economic deve lopment and increasing employment opportunities. Nearly, 39 million people are living in these countries which accounts for 0.06% of the total world population (Reiche, 2010). Table 1 depicts the economic and socio-demographic indicators of GCC countries projecting the expected population growth in 2015. Gulf Cooperation Council regions are rich in oil and natural gas reserves and their economic development is solely depended on it. Rising demand and price of oil and gas during 2002 to 2008 have further boosted the economic growth in GCC countries. Oil export contributes the major chunk of revenue in their overall GDP. Recently, their oil export has increased significantly and has reached to 67% as compared to 61% in 2002. However, this growth was not uniform in all the countries, with Qatar and Oman experiencing the downward slash. Table 2 depicts the government revenues, oil exports and

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Chinese martial arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Discuss the theoretical and practical factors that influence the level Essay

Discuss the theoretical and practical factors that influence the level of gearing and the maturity structure of debt in large qu - Essay Example In this context, borrowing has become a common method of financing for large firms, a fact that has influenced the status of these organizations as investment units. Indeed, large firms with high financial obligations, due to borrowing, are likely to be avoided by potential investors. The latter will examine each firm’s financial characteristics before deciding to invest on a particular firm. Current paper focuses on the examination of two important issues related to the debt in large firms: the factors that influence the level of gearing and the maturity structure of debt in large quoted companies are presented and critically discussed. The literature published in the specific subject is used in order to show the various implications of the above issues. It is revealed that the level of gearing and the maturity structure of debt in large quoted firms are likely to be depended on a series of factors which are not standardized. Rather the type and the power of these factors is depended on the characteristics and the rules of the local market, as influenced by the global economic trends. 2. Theoretical and practical factors that influence the level of gearing in large quoted companies Gearing is a term used in order to reflect ‘the proportion of the firm’s total assets owned by long and short – term creditors’ (Chisholm 2002, p.147). In other words, gearing shows the ability of the firm to repay its creditors, even through its assets in case of lack of cash. In the context of gearing, two are the most important factors that are expected to influence the ability of the firm to pay its creditors: the level of debt and the company’s assets. In modern firms, the level of gearing seems to be differentiated in accordance with the size of the firms. The above phenomenon can be explained as follows: in small firms, borrowing is the most common form of financing – aiming to avoid offering part of the firm’s management in order to be financed. In this context, small firms are expected to have high level of gearing. In large quoted firms, where there is no problem with giving part of the firm’s equity to third persons (the investors) for securing the necessary financing, the level of gearing is low (Walton 2000). There is also the opposite view. More specifically, Atrill et al. (2008, p.231) notes that large quoted firms are expected to have higher gearing compared to the small firms. The above view is based on ‘a report of the Bank of England regarding the financing of small businesses’ (Atrill et al. 2008, p.231). This report reveals that the level of borrowing of small firms is lower compared to that of the large firms, probably because the financing needs of large firms in the particular market cannot be covered by the capital of the shareholders (Atrill et al. 2008). Under these terms, the level of gearing in small and large firms cannot be considered as standardized. Rath er, it would be depended on the conditions and the characteristics of the local market – in the context of which the borrowing schemes available to the large firms may be more attractive compared to those offered to small firms, a fact that would minimize the level of gearing in small firms and maximize the level of gearing in large firms. In accordance with Chisholm (2002), normally, the level of debt of firms is lower from their equity

Arts in Our Lives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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What is Holocaust Revisionism Essay Example for Free

What is Holocaust Revisionism Essay The term â€Å"holocaust denier† is applied to those who prefer the terms â€Å"revisionism† or â€Å"revisionist. † Holocaust historians avoid using it to describe themselves and revise the aspects of the Holocaust. Holocaust historians in the revisionism belief that in Germany there was a breakout of typhus carried by lice and other diseases that spread throughout the camps and by having to treat camps with pesticide zyklon was the main reason there were causes of death. In that theory, it hadn’t anything to do with the extermination of the Jews nor was there even camps but were all evacuated or shut down which there wasn’t any evidence found. During the war the Jews were moved to Eastern Europe and were allegedly exterminated and not in Germany or Western Europe. Around 1940, the Germans were only one of the several involved in moving and the Soviets deported Jews out of Poland and entered to occupied West Germany. A Holocaust Revisionism Historian would have you believe there was no significant evidence of extermination. The claim of the legend is that there were no technical means provided for the specific task of extermination, and that means originally provided for the specific task of extermination, and that mean originally provided for other purposes did double duty in improvised arrangements† (The Journal of Historical Review, 2pp). Holocaust deniers ignore the evidence and insist that it was a myth. That it is because â€Å"Jews spread this myth as part of a grander plot intended to enable the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and now to gander continuing support for the state of Israel† (Lipstadt, pg. 27). Holocaust Historian Revisionism argues that evidence showed no proof of Hitler having signed a document ordering the Holocaust, documents were forged and language in the documents were completely misrepresented. Holocaust deniers make out uncertainty of exact number of deaths. They like to point out what is called the â€Å"other side of the issue† and make debate of an illegitimate historical fact. In the United States where it ensures freedom of speech and that it’s not against the law to make denial of the Holocaust, however countries such as Germany and France criminalize the denial of the Holocaust and have banned any Nazi publications. The assertions of Holocaust deniers play no role in genuine historical debates. Holocaust denial is really about anti-Semitism and irrational politics, not history or justice† (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2007). 2. A complete anti-Semitism statement made from writer Dan Gannon in an article published in 1994 entitled â€Å"Schindler’s List Exposed as Lies and Hate† which he makes a comment about the movie. â€Å"Commander Goeth shooting inmates from the front balcony of his house were complete fabrications and deliberate lies† (Gannon, 1994). In Gannon’s opinion the movie itself is fabricated for example, the camp is rebuilt and is surrounded on a steep hill and not visible where any outsiders can see any inmates. Commander Goeth is shooting working inmates in the camp. Therefore, the camp being visible through wire fences, commander Goeth couldn’t have shot inmates from the balcony as the house is at the bottom of a hill where you can’t see into the inmate’s camp. The camp’s location was next to a city called Cracow on a major highway and is visible from hundreds of houses in 3 surrounding villages. Most exchanges and conversations, and all events are based on the detailed recollections of Schindler Jews or Schindler himself and of other witnesses† (Keneally, 1982). Historical methods are facts that events can be proven by using evidence. The facts lead to analysis and interpretation. Revisionism is nothing more than an act of â€Å"revising† something that already exist or mostly applied to historical events. Revisionists investigate, analyze, and revise their conclusions based on facts or revise the facts based on their conclusion. They in other words, defend a conclusion whether or not the facts support it. Revisionists argue that the entire holocaust was a conspiracy theory because survivors lied, evidence by the Nazi’s was falsified, photographs and films were fraudulent. Revisionist stand on, if any survivor evidence can be shown to be wrong it should be dismissed. â€Å"History is the recorded narrative of past events, especially those concerning a particular period, nation, individual, etc. It recounts events with careful attention to their importance, their mutual relations, their causes and consequences, selecting and grouping events on the ground of their interest or importance† (Funk Wagnall, p. 599). Anti-Semitism criticizes Jews as a group and culture or hatred for the Jews as people. â€Å"Anti-Semites, however, progress over that critical step beyond dislike to pathology, hating Jews for being Jews† (Volknian, Watts, pg. 10). When the term â€Å"anti-Semitism† is casually used to silence those who are critical of the government of Israel and its policies. The revising of the Second World War is a work in progress by Russian and Germany or known as the Russo-Germany conspiracy that wants the world to know that the Holocaust is propaganda. However, Red Army propagandist blamed the German army for crimes committed by the Soviets. The murders of six million Jews have become a subject of topic from the Revisionist, modern revisionism dates back from the First World War during this time where every globe was affected. Allied propaganda phased in where its mastery showed the images of horrifying atrocities. The majority of the atrocities accredited to the Germans and their allies were admitted by the politicians and journalists who fabricated them to have been falsifies. Within a decade Western and European countries proclaimed that Germany and its allies did not bear guilt on starting the war. In the 1940’s, Jews and communist condemned and spoke out against the unconceivable crimes the Germans had done. The extermination of millions of Jews in the camps were reported that victims were steamed, baked, electrocuted, gassed, eaten away by quicklime, starved, shot, buried alive, mauled by wild beasts, subjected to sadistic experiments, and injected with lethal chemicals or germs. What made prove of the Holocaust war crime were the Nuremberg trials during the 1950’s, in the trial where ex-Nazi war criminals admitted they had plan to exterminate the Jews. Repeated statements and speeches testified the planning to kill the Jews as an answer to annihilate all Jews by Nazi control. The six million figure estimate the number of Jews murdered, some evidence based on the estimates on demographics or any records. The approximate estimate 4. 8 to 6 million. The known trial in history where German war criminals were tried by judges from Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Twenty-two German officers were tried for conspiracy, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity. It was best suggested that Nazi war criminals convict themselves by their own words. When the Nazi’s had destroyed almost all historical records, allied armies captured millions of documents and submitted 3,000 tons. Records of proud Nazi documentations of the invasion of World War II and graphic images of humiliation against Jews and other civilians and mass murder. The photographs represented powerful unforgettable visual evidence and which also included the â€Å"Stroop Report† an appendix of albums of photographs that documented the destruction of the Warsaw ghetto in 1943. Stroop’s forces captured 55,000 Jews and killed at least 7,000 and sent 7,000 to the Treblinka killing center. A number of these images were transmitted to American news agencies and in other countries, where it helped to inform the world of the horrors of Nazism. â€Å"It is this convergence of evidence, along with the documentary, scientific and photographic evidence, that is the most damming to the â€Å"revisionist† position† (The Holocaust History Project, 2006). Camps such as Treblinka, Belzec, Sobinor and Chelmno were indeed death camps for the purpose to murder Jews. Only about 7 Jews survived the Belzec extermination camp and 550, 000 were killed as it was also Himmler’s plan of action. There was â€Å"selection† process of which Jews would be murdered and which would work and then be murdered. SS doctors would inspect Jewish inmates as to where they’ll be able to work. 4. Zyklon B was the help of the extermination, although used to exterminate pests but preferably to exterminate Jews. The evidence that proved the death camps were Nazi documents, photographs, and statements that were given by survivors and Nazi officials. The bodies at the death camps were cremated, burned on open pits or buried, depending on the camp and what of the situation. A good testimony forms evidence. Auschwitz camp commander Rudolf Hoess made testimony to what he witnessed during his capture by the British. Allies received information from several Jewish escapees. Forensic examinations prove large areas of ashes, body parts and remains. Chief Waffen-SS Kurt Gerstein recollected the gassings at Treblinka and saw 10,000 Jews gassed in two days. Revisionist, however claim there was no such evidence of murders at Belzec and Treblinka. They therefore claim that either the figures are wrong, or the Holocaust, meaning the deliberate extermination of millions of Jews, cannot have happened† (World Almanac, pg. 289). Nobel Prize winner Elie Wiesel and survivor of the Holocaust has also been the founding Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council since the 1980’s, a tribute to Holocaust survivors. A professor at Boston University for much of his life has worked on behalf of oppressed people and defender of peace and human rights all over the world. Wiesel has been attacked on his views of what he witnessed in Holocaust camps as â€Å"holocaust deniers† claim that Wiesel and the Jewish Organization would assisnate those who tell the truth about the holocaust hoax and that their lies would be exposed. Wiesel is considered by â€Å"holocaust deniers† as a false witness who has told propaganda lies. Wiesel describes what he witnessed at Auschwitz of burning flames in a ditch were victims bodies were found. In Buchenwald, 10,000 persons were sent to their deaths each day. â€Å"Ellie Wiesel passes for one of the most celebrated eyewitnesses to the alleged Holocaust. Yet in his supposedly autobiographical book Night, he makes no mention of gas chambers. He claims to have witnessed Jews being burned alive, a story dismissed by all historians. Wiesel gives credence to the most absurd stories of other eyewitnesses. He spreads fantastic tales of 10,000 persons sent to their deaths each day in Buchenwald† (Faurisson, 2005). In Night, Wiesel describes his experiences and emotions of the oppression of the Nazis and the roundups of his family and neighbors in the Romanian town of Sighet where people were deported in cattle cars to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Between 1940 – 1945, Wiesel and his family were deported by the Nazis to Auswitz when he was age 15. His mother and younger sister were the first to vanish without a trace, he, his two older sisters, and father were transported to Buchenwald where his father died. Wiesel talks about the mental and physical anguish that he and his fellow prisoners experienced and the death march from Auswitz Birkenaw to the concentration camp at Buchenwald. In 1958, he wrote the book Night which has been translated in 30 languages and sold millions of copies. 5. Auschwitz has come to symbolize the greatest crime in human history† (Rudolf, Pg. 3). Yet the greatest and bloodiest genocide in which tens of millions were murdered or imprisoned. As the Russo-Germany preparation began in the 1920’s have unleashed genocide and annihilated Eastern Europeans from the 1930’s and into the 1940’s. Germany did not act alone in the Second World War as they jointed with the Soviets to invade Poland in 1939. Two countries that were neutral in history. The Holocaust has been an endless subject amongst philosophers, theologians, litterateurs, and historians. To dig up and investigate in more than half a century annihilation of millions of Jews by the Third Reich. Germans believe that the mass murders were carried out by the Soviets. Forensic research is what Revisionist called the search for material evidence in demand for such evidence is more decisive than eyewitness testimony or documentary evidence. Conspirators make the accusations of hundreds of Nazis were tortured into confessing crimes they never committed or to put the blame on other fellow Nazis and to implicate hundreds of documents in files that were never found until after the war. A number of Jewish scholars who admit that the evidence is in itself underprovided. The question remains of the photographs that were taken of dozens of piled emaciated bodies that a denier would claim that the photo does not tell the truth of what it actually shows but questions were the people gassed or starved? Did they face the typhus epidemic or starved due to a lack of food? Indeed, the victims were of German women and children killed by bombing raids and the pictures were passed off as dead Jews. Evidence that supports this that Allied soldiers collected the bodies of Germans and brought them to be photographed. At camp Belsen, Nazis did not make it a policy to feed prisoners. Other questions remains, could the Vatican have known about the executions of millions of Jews? Some evidence claims the Vatican would have been in position to know and would have done something about it. Although, some sources says the Nazis hatred for the Catholic church had executed many clergymen in Poland and other establishments. Revisions evidence would suggest that the amount of six million bodies would provide tons upon tons of ashes and there is no evidence of any large depositories of ashes. However, some sources would disagree that the bodies were incinerated and some were burned in mass graves and had been exhumed. The ashes had been dumped in fields and rivers, and surprisingly the means to be used as good fertilizer by Auschwitz farmers in their fields. Some sources range that there were about 300,000 to 500,000 or more than 3,000,000. In Auschwitz the proximity is 1. 3 million victims and in Treblinka about 800,000 victims. â€Å"The only evidence is the postwar testimony of individual â€Å"saviors. † This testimony is contradictory, and no â€Å"survivor† claims to have actually witnessed any gassing. There is no contemporaneous documents and no hard evidence whatsoever: no means of ashes, no crematoria capable of disposing of millions of corpses, no pile of clothes, no human soap, no lamp shades made of human skin, no records, no credible demographic statistics† (Zundel, pg. 7). 6. Revisionists fail to investigate the mass murders of the Holocaust, which they only could rely on substantial forensic evidence of past crimes and if they don’t consider the research for what really took place in Auschwitz then how could there be a realistic conclusion if they simply hold it up as a myth.

Overview of Germanys Culture

Overview of Germanys Culture Germany Germany is one of the most beautiful country in the world. It is located in the central Europe. Nearly 82 million people live in Germany. It is one of the most populated country in the world, especially in Europe. Many of Germans came from Russia and other countries. There are many foreigners inhabit Germany like Serbs, Italian, Greek and Turkish people. German is considered one of the most progressive and dynamic country in the world. Berlin is the capital of Germany. It is located in the northeastern place of the country. Berlin is the fantastic and biggest city in Germany. German language is the major language in Germany. Around 95 percent of people in Germany speaks German. The flag of Germany consists of three color. Theses colors are black, red, and gold. Black, red, and gold colors represent big role in the history of Germany. The colors of Germany adopted in 1949. The president Germany is the head state of the country. The president in German is elected and valid for the presidency for five years. Frank-Walter Steeinmerier is in the head of the state Germany. Germany is governed under the democratic constitution of 1949. This democratic constitution became the constitution in 1990. The president in Germany has little effect on government. Germany has one currency. Euro is the currency in German. One Euro in Germany equals 3.853 QAR. There are many interesting festival in Germany like Christmas and New Years. There are many holidays in Germany. The first day in Germany in May, is called the national day of Germany. There are many touristic attractions in Germany. Munish city is one of the beautiful city in Germany. Many people in the world visit it daily. Parks, forests, gardens and many other beautiful sights covered the city. Cologne city also one of the attraction city in the world. It is considered the fourth biggest city in Germany. About thirty museums are founded in Cologne. Every year more than 6 million tourists visit the city because it have a unique position. German is famous for fashion. It is the site of many fashions such as Mercedes, Benz and clothing. Many new fashion made first in Germany. There are many clothes fashion produced in Germany and exported many clothes to other country. People in Germany go and celebrate together in carnival season at the Oktoberfest and wine festivals. Germany is one of the biggest importer and exporter country. The goods and services are the most exporter in Germany. We cant forget the best mechanical engineering, vehicles and mobiles are produced in Germany. Most goods that Germany imports come from Netherlands and China. Medical, iron of steel products, paper, medical, medical equipment and other chemical goods are the most German imports from Netherland and China. There are many famous persons in all field in Germany.   Albert Einstein is the famous person in Germany. He is considered the father of physics. We cant forget the famouse player football in Germany who was called Gerd Muller. He was born in 1945. He was the best player football in Germany. Anne Frank is the famous writer in Germany. She was born in 1929. She wrote many notes about war in 1947.Hans Bellmer is the best artist in Germany. In Germany, Music is the source of entertainment for a long time. There are many musicians in Germany like Jackson Browne and Robert Schumann. There are many sports in Germany but the most popular sports in Germany are football and tennis. There are many tapes of dancing in Germany. In the 18th century, the dance waltz is the oldest type dancing in German. For the literature aspect in Germany, literature was responsible of sharing history and politics in Germany. References Country reports. (2017, Feb 15). Germany Facts and Culture. Retrieved from Countryreports.org: http://www.countryreports.org/country/Germany.htm Flippo, H. (2016, Aug 14). german.about.com. Retrieved from German-Holidays-and-Celebrations: http://german.about.com/od/culture/fl/German-Holidays-and-Celebrations.htm Hennig, B. (2010, Oct 3). The Population of Germany. Retrieved from Viewsoftheworld.net: http://www.viewsoftheworld.net/?p=914 Reference. (2017, Feb 15). What is Germany famous for? Retrieved from Reference.com: https://www.reference.com/geography/germany-famous-2e5931f83cc5f742?qo=contentSimilarQuestions The Famous People. (15, Feb 2017). Famous Germans. Retrieved from The famous people.com: http://www.thefamouspeople.com/germany.php

Employee Resistance to Change: Dissertation

Employee Resistance to Change: Dissertation Chapter 1- Introduction Change comes from anywhere, and is the only constant. Propelled by the driving force of technology and globalization, the economic landscape continuously transform in a way that has come to undermine the relevance of received wisdom on how a firm should be managed and what underlies its success (Gregory Prastacos, et al., 2002). In this new millennium, it is more challenging for an organization to sustain its competency or even survive in the diversity market. When an organization is threatened by environmental changes such as crisis or competition, it results in the increasing needs for communication as technology develops rapidly and higher customer demands will be foreseen. Organizational change is not an option; it constitutes a fundamental necessity for success within the new competitive landscape (Hamel and Prahalad, 1996). An organization need to evaluate its performance and review its business strategies, corporate structure, operational process and HR policies to identify th e areas that need transformation. To maintain its competitive advantages,ÂÂ  an organization must make effort to implement changes accordingly. Usually changes to be made in an organization is for the seeking of extending the ability of the organization to achieve the strategic goals but sometime changes do not necessarily contribute to the improvement of the organization (Stroh, 2001). The expected result of the change might vary due to other unexpected factors, such as resistance to change. Resistance is a phenomenon that affects the change process, delaying or slowing down its beginning, obstructing or hindering its implementation, and increasing its costs (Ansoff, 1990). Effect of resistance of changes in organization will cause distorted perception, interpretation barriers and vague strategic priorities, low motivation among the people and lack of creative response (Val, 2003). It is crucial for change initiators to deal with resistance for a successful change. Forasmuch as employees are the one who get the job done, and they the one who possess the knowledge, skills, tools and experiences, it is clear that organizational changes cannot be achieved without employees support and involvement. Employee acceptance and commitment are the key factors for successful changes. Effective change management should recognize the importance of its employees and the way to minimize the resistant from employees. Therefore, understand why it is caused, the forms of resistance and the factors determine employees reactions to change is significant. 1.1 Research Objective This research will study on the factors of resistance to change from employees prospective. The aim of this research is to review the factor and find out the correlates among the factors. By better understanding these which a shift in perception could occur, the paper hope to develop a framework to change initiators of how certain group of employees is the likely to react and behave to change that being unleashed by the value and perception, this knowledge will enable change initiators to design change plan and training programs which recognize the values of employees, and to interact with diverse others in order to optimize the expected change affect. The research attempt to explore the followings areas as a systematic way to rationalize the value of this project study: To identify the natural of employee resistance to change. To identify the symptoms of employee resistance to change. To identify the reasons of employee resistance to change To determine the various factors to effect employees resistance to changes. To evaluate the effect of these factors on organizations future development. 1.2 Chapter Summary Chapter 1 of Introduction has provided a background of the circumstances that force organization to change, and examined the inevitable resistance can undermined organizational change. By identifying the importance of employee in the organizational change, research objectives were generated to study on the resistance of change from employees perspectives and listed done the areas of the study to be explored on. The research was planned in a systematic way to rationalize the value of this project. Next chapter of this project will touch on a review of current literatures on the natural, symptoms and the reasons of employee resistance to change and factors affect employee resistance, followed by the research methodology, samples and limitation of the research. The subsequent chapter will be the questionnaire data analysis presentation and lastly the paper will conclude the findings and its implications for change initiators. The aim of this research is to review the factors that affect employee resistance and evaluate it thought the target samples. Chapter 2- Literature Review 2.1 Employee Resistance to Change 2.1.1 The nature Organizations can be confronted with incremental changes that focus on doing things better through a process of continuous tinkering, adaptation and modification or transformational changes that are regarded as revolutionary and break with the past.(John Hayes, 2010) Although the incremental changes rarely presented any abrupt challenges to the assumptions people make about how they related to the world (John Hayes, 2010), this is not always that case. People are not duplicate, the values, beliefs, assumption and knowledge of that person will be developed over the time, formed as a set of personal opinion, perceptions, views of the world to guide their behaviors (Hallie Preskill and Rosalie Torres, 1999). It is concerned with whether employees regards view change can bring present or future personal benefit and opportunities or change is a threat to their job, skills or any other interests. The implementation of changes inevitably involves the vital interests of various shareholders, and especially employees.Resistance occurs since most employees desire to be successful in their work environments due to they have basic needs which must be satisfied. To begin with, employees want to know their role and their responsibilities within the organization. In additional, employees want to be able to predict what they will face in the future (Appelbaum, S.H. et al, 1998). Even though old procedures that were initially regarded as cumbersome, costly or ineffective, after a prolonged recursive execution, employees become comfortable and are used to the ways things were done. Employee might fear in a changing organization, therefore change are frequently be seen as a threat to ones existence within an organization if upgrading or acquiring new skills are a problem because of time constraints , or the inability of the person to learn these new techniques. Change within an organizational setting usually poses several problems and challenged by the pressure in aspect of money , ego, and power for those who resist it. Employees resist change because they have learned to associate it negative feelings since their basic needs may now be threatened (Mealiea, 1978). Thus it is human nature that employees look at Change negatively, resistance thereby coming into play. 2.1.2 The symptoms Resistance, described by Kilian M. Bennebroek Gravenhorst (2003) is commonly considered to be standard or even natural in reaction to organizational change. It is described as an most inevitable psychological and organizational response that seems to apply to any kind of change, ranging from rather modest improvement to far-reaching change and organizational transformation. Symptoms are the specific behaviors exhibited when employee resistance to change (Albert F. Bolognese, 2002) According to Bhutan (1995), it is important to distinguish between the symptoms of resistance to change and the causes behind them. Symptoms can be reflected in varies of forms, which Marc Maltz (2008) categorized it into the two varieties: overt and covert. Overt resistance is concern with obvious opposition, disagreement, arguing, debating, etc., to any change effort. While, covert resistance comes in two forms: one is conscious covert which employees are concerned about the consequences of their actions that they apparently agreed but actually not following though or withhold information and avoid implementation. Secondly is the unconscious covert resistance, which is the most difficult to see symptoms among employees as employees are unaware their resistance. 2.1.3 The Reasons There are many causes attribute to employees resistance to change, such as Coch French (1948), studied the workers of a clothing manufacturer and find that lower employee participitation causing the mistrust of management and increase their resistance to change. Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) identify four common reasons why people resist organizational change: people focus on their own interest and fear of losing something of value, it can be power and status, autonomy and control, or specific skills; Misunderstanding the change will cost them more than they will gain and lack of trust to the person who initiating change; Different assessment of the necessity and benefit of change situations; Low tolerance for change, sometimes people just resist to change emotionally even they understand the need for change. Several studies have acknowledged what Kotter and Schlesingers publication and enhance these categories with further researches, according to Prosci- A business process reengin eering directory and resource companys study (2003) in past six years in 288 organizations from 51 countries, result shows the top reasons employee resist to change is because of corporate history and culture, which the organizations past performance of change project failed or did not make much sense, employees are less interested to take initiatives to support the current change, they are not in the flavor the month , thus employee expected it go away like what happened in the past. Lorenzo (2000) also acknowledge that one attribute to employees resistance is that past failures leaves negative image for future changes. Another reason added on in Prosci (2003)s research is that employee often opposes to change because of the added job responsibilities, new processes or technologies. Changes with lower motivation to get employees involved and less consideration of employees interest and their emotional and perceptual perspectives thereby eliminate their initiatives and level of comm itment. Pardo Del Val, Manuela and Martinez Fuentes, Clara (2005) conclude above sources to employees resistance are most likely happen in change formulation stage, they further identify some reason rise resistance that consist of: (a) organizational values in relation to change values that cause a strong implementation climate to determine whether employee to accept or oppose to change; (b) departmental politics that form employees resistance. 2.2 Factors affect employees resistance to change Literatures have identified variety of factors affect employee resistance to change, the most cited views of the factors fall on the organizational level, for instance the communication process, employee participation, change facilitation procedures in change process (Ricky Griffin ,2008) to improve organizational effectiveness. Moreover, employee motivation (David Clarence and McClelland, 1987) and quality of leadership (Ken W. Parry, 1999) have been widely acknowledged to have influence on employees work initiatives, involvement and commitment, so that it can argues to be a significant factor to affect employees willingness to change. Above factors virtually are the ways to deal with the subtext of organizational humanity on the stage of change process. However, one must understand the root factors played to affect employees perception towards organizational change. Fail to understand the intrinsic factors govern employees values and beliefs guided behavior in the context of the way they were doing and expected in the future, and all the necessities organization attempt or should to do to implement and facilitate change is crucial. Therefore, the research will mainly explore on the personal factors played to affect employee resistance to change including age, gender, personality traits (Locus of control) and employee educational level as follows: 2.2.1Age Baby Boomers refer to people who are born between 1945-1964. This generation grew up in an era of unprecedented economic growth and stability, so as to be regarded as a generation that finds comfort with long term employment with one organization. This has provided them with a false sense of stability (Loomis, 2000).Their perceived working values emphasize on chain of command, teamwork, technically challenged, team work and loyal to employer As they born after War II, which they entered the economic boom era, Money and job security such as life time employment are definitely extremely important for them to sustain their living. In this regard, it is argued that Baby Boomers are easier to accept organizational change as their working value of chain of command which they tend to commit to the hierarchical order. Moreover, the inception of organization loyalty also attributes them to be more committed rather than resistant or any other negative reactions. (Hui-Chun, Yu and Peter Miller, 2003) Another neuropsychological research held by (Stanford University professor Laura L. Carstensen et al. 2000) on the relationship between age and emotional experiences found that the periods of highly positive emotional experience were more likely to endure among older people and periods of highly negative emotional experience were less stable. With age, older adults report relatively low levels of worrying (Sandra Hunt, Patricia Wisocki and Julianne Yanko, 2003), experience less anger (Schieman,1999), and have lower levels of emotional distress after natural disasters (Bolin Klenow, 1982-1983). The implication of these findings are older employees have better capability to regulate their negative emotions with organizational change and adjust themselves to adapt the environment.Employees adaptability has been seen a key attribute to a successful organizational change (Heslin , 2005). Compared with Baby Boomers, Generation X refers to those people who were born between 1965 to 1980. This generation of employee tend to more independent, self-motivated and self-sufficient (Loomis, 2000). This is because most X generations did not have enough of their family attention as children because their parent may have been single or working parents. X generations therefore became adaptive at handling things on their own and in their own ways. Their work value is perceived more on personal satisfaction, and their attitudes towards work are focus on flexibility empowerment, loyal to skills. (Hui-Chun, Yu and Peter Miller, 2003). Hence, when the change conflict with their own interest such as against what they used to do , their skills, or leave less empowerment to them, they will feel unmotivated towards to commit to the change. However, David J. OConnell, Eileen McNeely and Douglas (2004) argue that since Xers entered the workforce under the employment of deal, in which career planning and development are largely individual responsibilities and where the average worker can expect to make several changes during their working lives. In this regards, it seems like Xers are more adaptive to change. However, there are also many scholars debate the relationship between the age and the personal adaptability to change, such as Mirvis and Hall, 1996. Recent research held by OConell, McNeely and Hall, 2008 also support this assertion, reporting that age is limited measured as a categorical variable namely the characteristics about an individual . 2.2.2 Gender Although many literatures have acknowledged the impact of gender difference on the management practice, there had been little systematic attention focus on identifying the gender roles on effective change management relatively. Feminist perspectives have tended to highlight not only the impact of organizational change on womens relatively marginalized position but also the role of women in the change management (Melissa Tyler, 2005). Jamie L, Michael G and Homer Tolson (2005) research findings suggest that there is a difference between male and female executive of their emotional expressiveness, and women are regarded to process better skill at encoding and decoding emotions (Laura K. Guerrero and Kory Floyd, 2008). Emotions are intensive feelings that are directed at someone or something (Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge, 2010). Goleman-the founder of emotional intelligence theory also mentioned that women are good at reading others feelings than men averagely in his book pub lished in 1995. The skills to encode and decode emotions generally have advantage to develop and maintain relationships (Laura K. Guerrero and Kory Floyd, 2008), because skilled encoders have ability to express their internal emotional state so that other people can decode their emotions more easily and accurately (Burgoon and Bacue, 2003). In this regard, the chances such as misunderstanding and conflict due to implicit or unclear message delivered or received prone to be decreased, the communication becomes more easily and effective. In many literatures, communication has been widely acknowledged as a useful approach to eliminate resistance to change. Therefore, women are deems to be more successfully engaged in change circumstances. Maddock (1999) added that Women focus on relational aspect of how to do things, while men tend to be expected to think what to do. It appears that women are emotionally discreet on how they are going to process the information, express and interpret their view points to react to change before making any decision. Combined with womens secondary position in labor market due to gender discrimination, especially in Confucian countries, in addition to their greater responsibilities in family and child care than men, which cause women are relatively powerless to challenge the situation (Melissa Tyler, 2005). Hence Melissa argues that women in change management appear to be positioned as performing an interpersonal function associated with safety; providing security in times of unexpected turbulence and anticipating. On the basis of these arguments, it seems that women tend to avoid conflict in working in this regard and to accept the change accordingly. 2.2.3 Personality Traits Some people are quiet and reserved, while others are aggressive and outgoing. Some people are trustworthy, some are not. People differ with each other in various dimensions as a result of different behavior and attitude towards things in personal life and working. The individuals differences are shaped by personalities (Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge, 2010) Personality refers to the traits and characteristics that make individuals unique (Greenberg and Baron, 2002). The most frequent used definition of personality was produced by Gordon Allport nearly 70 years ago which he commented that personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment. Personality thus becomes an important reason mangers need to know to generate a view of employees likely behaviors and examine their coping reaction. Meselaar and Cozijnsen (1997) further highlighted the personality is a determinate of individ ual reaction to organizational change. Locus of control refers to the degree people believe their own behaviours determine what happens to them. People believes they have more control over their destiny are referred as internal, and people who believe they have less control over their life and the results are attributing to the will of God, or to the fortune of being born in the right social class or family are referred as external. At this point, it is suggested that people behave differently towards change. Wilson (1992) developed an approach referred as determinism to study change management portrays the manager and other organizational members as pawns affected by change rather than as agents who can initiate and secure change. Their ability to influence is limited because of the main determinates lie outside the organization. John Hayes (2010) argues that those who are overcommitted deterministic view of change may be inclined to believe that the locus of control is external to themselves and the organization and may therefore develop view that there is little they can do to influence events. Hence, people who think this way is less likely to attempt to adopt a proactive approach to the management of change than those who have more internal view about locus of control. 2.2.4 Educational Level Although there were not many literatures specifically emphasize the employees educational level to their resistance to organizational change, it is widely acknowledged (e.g.: George H. McCall, Karl E. Ristow and Daniel J. Cimini, 2004) that higher education improves employees personal management, time management, communication skills and problem solving skills. Higher education defined by Roberg (1987) refers to the instruction that was obtained at university or colleague. According to Thomas Kent Gaylor (2001)s research on 286 police officer from two North Texas Police department in 2001, result shows no significance relationship between the educational level and employees openness to change. However the limitation of his research was lack of variation in respondents education level. Nevertheless, the author believe that higher education of employees will be more likely to support and commit organization change with more positive thinking of why the change is needed, hence the resea rch intend to do further evaluation with different samples on the relationship of educational level to employee resistance to change since it is a logic factor that higher education equipped with employees more knowledge and broader thinking and believe, which reduce the tendency to be dogmatic and to be more creative. 2.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 2 of Literature Review has explored on the current literatures on employee resistance to change in terms of the natural, symptoms and reasons. The inevitable resistances from employee impulse the research to further find out the factors that affect employee resistance to change. The research noted many factors including communication process, employee participations, change facilitation process, employee motivation and quality of leadership, and lastly mainly reviewed the personal factors played consist of age, gender, personality traits (locus of control) and employee educational level influence various aspects from values and beliefs and emotions as a result of different behavior and levels of adaptability reacted to change After exposit the literature review of factors affect employees resistance to change, the paper will tackle the main objectives of this research. Starting with the description of research methodology, samples and limitation of the research, then paper will touch on the analysis part of the questionnaire, to examine the reflected results against with the literatures reviewed earlier on, so as to evaluate its universality of the factors in the sampling organization. Chapter 3- Research Methodology 3.1 Secondary Research The research was carried out at the beginning though a secondary research to review the current literatures on the areas of the study, which contains of the nature, symptoms and the reasons of employee resistance to change and the factors affect employee resistance to change from a more intrinsic view by looking at employee personal factors. The factors focus on the employees adaptability to change determined by age and gender, one dimension of personality traits -locus of control, and employee educational level. The information is collected from textbooks, journals and articles from reliable and creditable online Journal Publications, National Library and Campus Library. 3.2 Primary Research In order to evaluate the factors been presented in literature review, the research will primarily employ questionnaires as the main methodologies for information gathering. The questionnaire will be carried out with various employees working in a large organization. The methods allow directly and original information to be gathered from participants. Questionnaire results are to be consolidated, and will be analyzed using various questionnaire analyze techniques, to interpret the data. The main reason of using questionnaire and interview is because data is collected directly from specific target respondents. Interviewers have the ability to ask extra intensive questions of the respondent concerning survey responses. 3.2.1 Research Samples The research was conducted using data collected from a large size agribusiness organization located in Singapore, mainly doing palm oil plantation and trading. The reason of choosing this organization is because it is currently undergoing turbulence and change on merger with one small size palm oil trading company and one ship chartering company. And it also has experienced many merger and change in the past. Therefore the target samples of the questionnaire participants in the organization must have many varies views on organizational change to enable the research generate more practical reflections from employees perspective on organizational change and change effect on them, aims to evaluate the universality application of all those factors on employee resistance to change presented in literature on the target sampling. The questionnaire attempt to invite 150 employees in this organization from four departments who are affected by the merger plan, respectively 25 employee from IT department, 35 employees from logistic department, 25 employee from finance department and 65 employees from operation department. 3.2.2 Limitation of This Research During the research, data collected could be deviated due to limitation in the research methodology as follows: Data may not represent the entire population due to the limitation of sampling size As the four department employees may experience different kinds of minor changes in their department respectively, whether the change offend their interest or not might bring subjective bias towards their response to the questionnaire, hence the accuracy of data collected will be deviated. Respondent who experience the past organizational change may bring different perceptions towards new change. The choice of the question may limited respondents response. 3.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 3 presented the methodology of this research which employed on secondary research to review the current literatures on the area of the study, and also the primary research using questionnaires to collect data. Research Samples chosen was a large agribusiness organization who is experiencing turbulence and undergoing merger and work structural change. The limitations of the research were also discussed including the sample size, respondents bias, past organizational change experience as well as the choice of questions may also affect the accuracy of the survey result. Next chapter will touch on the research result analysis and discussion. Chapter 4- Result Analysis and Discussion The questionnaires were distributed to 150 employees in IT, Logistic, Finance and Operation department respectively as planned in Chapter 3, the responding rate is about 76%, namely 114 employees attend the questionnaire. Following are the result of each factors being tested. 4.1 Age The research finding on age factors shows that respondents in different age group perceived change differently and appears with different level of resistance. In contrary with literatures presented earlier on demonstrating age have negative relationship with organizational change where people are more emotional stable and adaptable to organizational change as they age. Instead, the result shows that in the age group of 20 to 65+, employees are more resistant to change as they age; an interesting finding is that for employees aged below 20, whom were surprisingly scored higher marks on resistance. Figure 4.1.2 shows details of scores on resistance in each age group. Figure 4.1.2- Age group vs Resist to change score The possible causes lead to this result might because when younger people firstly enter the workforce with no experience and lower educational background, they are uncertain about their skills and abilities. They may behave self-concerned and less flexible dealing with working matters, and not mature enough to regulate their emotions as they are undergoing a transition from childhood to adult, school life to working life with increased responsibilities, time is needed to help them accept such big changes and adapt themselves in the new environment. As they age and become more mature, they seek for competence, career movement and relationship, they are more flexible and motivated to change themselves in the organization to achieve their objectives. As time goes on, they feel tired and queried about what supposed to be. They are loyalty to their skills and fear losing it in the future. Stability, job security and sense of seniority may become the main values after they age 46. Hence th ey might act more resisting to change as demonstrated in below figure. Super (1980)s Life Stage Theory displayed some common characteristics against to the above analysis and assumptions, which the author would like to research further. 4.2 Gender Out of total 114 respondents, 78 are women, and 36 are men, most of men respond strongly agree that organizational change is necessary and beneficial, and express their willingness to take challenges. Although there is no strong evidence to show that women are more resistance to change, most of women strongly agreed with the statement that when things are not going as plan, they tend to feel stress and if there is significant change regarding the way things are done, they would probably feel stressed. At this point, the research result suggested that women tend to be trapped in stress situation more easily than men. Hellriegel, D. Slocom, J. W., and Woodman, R.W.(2001) has pointed out that organizational change can be viewed as greatest source of stress on job and perhaps employees life. Stress cause low morale, high desertion rate and consequently reduce in job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The women research samples in this study reflect lower ability to regulate stre ss in working and life that affect their job performance. When organizational changes go against their interest, plan or principles, family life, it easily get women feel stress emotionally and potentially raise their resistance level which can be described as unconscious covert resistance (Marc Maltz, 2008) whereby employees are unaware of their resistance to change. Such symptom as mentioned in Chapter 2 is difficult to recognize and manage. The result urges the management to recognize gender-related problems in the organizational process. The implication of the result underlines the importance of evaluating and managing performance between women and men employees in implementing change. 4.3 Locus of Control Figure 4.3.1 shows the relationship between Locus of Control versus Resist to Change scale. The extent of Locus of Control are divided into 5 category based on the score respondents received on answering 10 specially designed question (Q7-Q16) catered to identify the individual level of locus of Control. For each correct answer that suggested Internal Locus of Control, the participant are give 1 point, the end results are totaled up with a formula (N/10)x100. The result are categ

The Child by Tiger †Dick’s Character :: The Child by Tiger

The Child by Tiger – Dick’s Character In "The Child by Tiger", Wolfe does a superb job of making the story reveal a truth about human experience. Dick's killing rampage in the short story showed how the human sole has a tendency to become violent. Characterization and excellent choice of tone and mood used in the story display how the Dick becomes violent. Wolfe carefully develops Dick's character in the short story. At the beginning of the short story, Wolfe describes Dick's actions precisely. Wolfe illustrates anything from Dick's movements to his talk. Furthermore, Dick is depicted as an honest hard working and notably talented individual. Wolfe does all of this for a simple reason, to show that any human sole can turn evil, no matter how intelligent, honest, or hard working. For this reason, Wolfe's characterization of Dick is essential to the short story. Without a good characterization of Dick before his sole turns violent, the story would have no meaning and would just be about a mad man. However, with Wolfe's exquisite characterization, the reader find outs how an innocent god fearing man can turn violent. Overall, Wolfe's characterization is key to the short stories meaning. Outstanding tone and mood choice also help show the truth about the weak human sole. First, the Wolfe's informal tone of the story is significant. I believe Wolfe's tone help set up the readers for the shock of what Dick does. However, the tone the author sets is important because of the shock we get, we also see how fragile the human sole is and how it can easily change. In this case, the author's informal and almost ironic tone surprise the reader but also help show the significance of Dick's experience. Second, the author's mood for the story is quiet deceiving. Since the plot of the story is to show how any human sole can turn evil, the author sets an ironic mood. Though the mood is informal, the irony of the situation is of a "good" mad turning "evil". Wolfe sets up this mood by his description and analysis of Dick's character and actions at the beginning of the story. The mood is ironic because when the violent side of Dick comes out, our mood towards the story changes because we are shocked at what has happened to innocent Dick.

Interview Essay - Larry Clayville -- Interview Essays

Interview Essay - Larry Clayville Larry Clayville was born in Ustick, Idaho, on June 11, 1917. Larry explained that "there was once a post office in Ustick, but there is nothing there now. That is how far out in the woods I was". Larry is a very down to earth man who has seen a lot of life. He has read the newspaper every day of his life. He is a Father, a Grandfather, and seems to be a friend to many. Larry came to California for work in 1946. He is a POW survivor, and is a member of the "Lodge," and has many friends there. He is also currently involved in a relationship. Larry's definition of happiness is, "Having plenty to eat, having a warm place to sleep, and having friends and family. That's enough to make me happy." Larry explained that when he was young, happiness was getting "enough to eat." He said, "That was the worst part of the depression, when you thought about it, there were a lot of hungry people". Other than that, his definition of happiness has not changed a lot over the years. How does Larry know when he is happy? "When you just have that good old happy feeling." He defines that as, "When everything just goes good. You get up in the morning and every thing goes right. You are not mad at any body. It's a good feeling." When Larry is unhappy, he "talks to whoever is close." However, he admits that he keeps most of it to himself. Simple things contribute to Larry's happiness. "Just the bare necessities of life keep me happy." The activity that keeps Larry happy is "Living." He explains, "I am happy that I am alive when I wake up in the morning. Oh hey, if I am alive one more day, I have a chance." About the only thing that makes Larry unhappy any more is illness. "There's nothing that will ta... ...u don't like, but hey, if you dislike things enough, you will do something about them." When asked if he is pleased with his current interpersonal relationships, Larry said, "Yes." Larry also had some thoughts on religion. "I know that there is a higher power, and I believe in that. I came from a religious family, and I rebelled against that. But, I do believe there is something there, a Supreme Being or something like that." Larry also gave a piece of advice for achieving happiness. "If you treat people nice, they will treat you nice. Generally speaking. That is the way I have lived, somewhat of a golden rule." I think that Larry is an intelligent and understanding person, and I can tell that he is well loved by his family and friends. What I admire most is that he is a survivor, and will not let himself get down over the fact that life is not always fair. Interview Essay - Larry Clayville -- Interview Essays Interview Essay - Larry Clayville Larry Clayville was born in Ustick, Idaho, on June 11, 1917. Larry explained that "there was once a post office in Ustick, but there is nothing there now. That is how far out in the woods I was". Larry is a very down to earth man who has seen a lot of life. He has read the newspaper every day of his life. He is a Father, a Grandfather, and seems to be a friend to many. Larry came to California for work in 1946. He is a POW survivor, and is a member of the "Lodge," and has many friends there. He is also currently involved in a relationship. Larry's definition of happiness is, "Having plenty to eat, having a warm place to sleep, and having friends and family. That's enough to make me happy." Larry explained that when he was young, happiness was getting "enough to eat." He said, "That was the worst part of the depression, when you thought about it, there were a lot of hungry people". Other than that, his definition of happiness has not changed a lot over the years. How does Larry know when he is happy? "When you just have that good old happy feeling." He defines that as, "When everything just goes good. You get up in the morning and every thing goes right. You are not mad at any body. It's a good feeling." When Larry is unhappy, he "talks to whoever is close." However, he admits that he keeps most of it to himself. Simple things contribute to Larry's happiness. "Just the bare necessities of life keep me happy." The activity that keeps Larry happy is "Living." He explains, "I am happy that I am alive when I wake up in the morning. Oh hey, if I am alive one more day, I have a chance." About the only thing that makes Larry unhappy any more is illness. "There's nothing that will ta... ...u don't like, but hey, if you dislike things enough, you will do something about them." When asked if he is pleased with his current interpersonal relationships, Larry said, "Yes." Larry also had some thoughts on religion. "I know that there is a higher power, and I believe in that. I came from a religious family, and I rebelled against that. But, I do believe there is something there, a Supreme Being or something like that." Larry also gave a piece of advice for achieving happiness. "If you treat people nice, they will treat you nice. Generally speaking. That is the way I have lived, somewhat of a golden rule." I think that Larry is an intelligent and understanding person, and I can tell that he is well loved by his family and friends. What I admire most is that he is a survivor, and will not let himself get down over the fact that life is not always fair.

Art Tatum Essay

From the time Tatum was born on Oct. 13, 1909 in Toledo, Ohio, he was destined for revolutionizing jazz. He was born with a blind eye and the other partially blind, but his ears were his way of seeing the world. He could sit down and play the same music meant for four hands. He was unbeatable at any piano competition. His influence on jazz will be forever respected by jazz pianists (and non-pianists) worldwide. As a child, Art received a little formal training for piano at Toledo School of Music, but he mainly just taught himself. By the age of 18, he was already playing for radio broadcasts and even had his own show at one point. By age 24, he wrote and released â€Å"Tiger Rag,† a song fully equipped with fast beats, incredibly technical rhythms, and the need for skill. As he continued in his musical career, his articulation, style, and individuality only got better. Art changed the entire face of jazz music. He helped lead the next generation into the bebop era. He was the musician that started to change the chord progressions, fingered with the harmonics, and tried new inversions of different chords (to get a more â€Å"jazzy† sound). Tatum was able to use his classical background and his jazzy style to create his own type of music. It was technical and complex, but still full of the freestyle that jazz so easily expresses. He used his left-handedness to create extreme bass parts and his right hand to create beautiful runs up and down the entire piano. Art had incredible ears. Although he was nearly blind in one eye and completely blind in the other, he could see perfectly when it came to music. It was said that Tatum could find the dominant note in a flushing toilet. He had incredible pitch, so he knew exactly which notes would sound perfect with the others. In regard to his piano, they called him, â€Å"God† because he was so good. Tatum never stopped playing piano. It was his life. As one man said, â€Å"Tatum played so brilliantly and so much†¦that I thought the piano was gonna break. My mother left the room†¦so I said ‘What’s wrong, Mama?’ And she said ‘Oh, that man plays too much piano.'† Even extremely critical people would compliment him for his piano skills. Whenever he ever entered a competition for piano, he never lost. Art’s style of music was not the simple, easy music that anybody could play. His technique was mastered. He had the most intricate ornamentation in every line of a song he played. Not only that, but he didn’t even seem like he was trying. As he pounded away at the keys, it didn’t seem like pounding but more floating. It seemed so effortless to him. Hank Jones said, â€Å"When I finally met him and got a chance to hear him play in person, it seemed as if he wasn’t really exerting much effort, he had an effortless way of playing. It was deceptive. You’d watch him and you couldn’t believe what was coming out, what was reaching your ears. He didn’t have that much motion at the piano. He didn’t make a big show of moving around and waving his hands and going through all sorts of physical gyrations to produce the music that he produced, so that in itself is amazing. There had to be intense concentration there, but you couldn’t tell by just looking at him play.† Tatum was revolutionary. He led future jazz musicians into the next era of jazz. He had the skill and the mind of a genius, and for that, he will never be forgotten. Resources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Tatum#Style http://www.duke.edu/~njh3/biography.html